Inequality, Corruption and Lord Acton
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29265/gypp.v30i3.959Keywords:
corruption, institutional corruption, legal corruption, inequality, Lord ActonAbstract
Much research highlights a correlation linking inequality and corruption. Generally, such studies focus on economic inequality and just one dimension of corruption. Inspired in the celebrated phrase by Lord Acton linking power and corruption, the current study aims to explore the impact of different levels of power inequality on distinct dimensions, perspectives and forms of corruption. Focusing on theory and concepts, the analysis presents a model that links structural, institutional, legal and conventional forms of corruption to ideal type categories relating to the distribution and inequalities of power. Such levels of power extend from absolute power, associated with the power to construct and define the concept of corruption, to the power to distort the implementation or administration of public policy tied to administrative forms of corruption. Discussion also centers on the influence or hegemony of the orthodox perspective on corruption and the need for a better distribution of power among institutions, organizations and individuals in order to address corruption in all its formsDownloads
References
Acemoglu, Daron y James A. Robinson (2006), “De Facto Political Power and Institutional Persistence”, AEA Papers and Proceedings, 96(2), pp. 325-330.
Albertus, Michael y Victor Menaldo (2020), “The Stickiness of ‘Bad’ Institutions: Constitutional Continuity and Change under Democracy”, en Daniel M. Brinks, Steven Levitsky y María Victoria Murillo (eds.), The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-97.
Álvarez, Mike, José Antonio Cheibub, Fernando Limongi y Adam Przeworski (1996), “Classifying Political Regimes”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 31(2), pp. 3-36.
Anderson, Staffan y Paul M. Heywood (2009), “The Politics of Perception: Use and Abuse of Transparency International’s Approach to Measuring Corruption”, Political Studies, 57(4), pp. 746-767.
Andres, Antonio R. y Carlyn Ramlogan-Dobson (2011), “Is Corruption Really Bad for Inequality? Evidence from Latin America”, Journal of Development Studies, 47(7), pp. 959-976.
Arellano-Gault, David (2020), Corruption in Latin America, Nueva York, Routledge.
Ariely, Gal y Eric M. Uslaner (2017), “Corruption, Fairness and Inequality”, International Political Science Review, 38(3), pp. 349-362.
Bagashka, Tanya (2013), “Unpacking Corruption: The Effect of Veto Players on State Capture and Bureaucratic Corruption”, Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), pp. 165-180.
Bardhan, Pranab y Dilip Mookherjee (2000), “Capture and Governance at Local and National Levels”, The American Economic Review, 90(2), pp. 135-139.
Bennedsen, Morten, Sven E. Feldmann y David Lassen (2009), “Strong Firms Lobby, Weak Firms Bribe: A Survey Based Analysis of the Demand for Influence and Corruption”, EPRU Working Paper Series, 2009-08.
Bedirhanoglu, Pinar (2007), “The Neoliberal Discourse on Corruption as a Means of Consent Building: Reflections from Post-crisis Turkey”, Third World Quarterly, 28(7), pp. 1239-1254.
Boix, Carles (2003), Democracy and Redistribution, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
Bowler, Shaun y Todd Donovan (2016), “Campaign Money, Congress, and Perceptions of Corruption”, American Politics Research, 44(2), pp. 272-295.
Briet, Eric (2010), “On the (Re)Construction of Corruption in the Media: A Critical Discursive Approach”, Journal of Business Ethics, 92, pp. 619-635.
Brinks, Daniel M., Steven Levitsky y María Victoria Murillo (eds.) (2020), The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Ed y Jonathan Cloke (2011), “Critical Perspective on Corruption: An Overview”, Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), pp. 116-124.
Bukovansky, Mlada (2006), “The Hollowness of Anti-corruption Discourse”, Review of International Political Economy, 13(2), pp. 181-209.
Cantamutto, Franciso J. (2013), “Sobre la noción de Estado en Marx: Un recorrido biográfico teórico”, Eikasia Revista de Filosofía, pp. 97-116.
Carrasco, Diego, Robin Banerjee, Ernesto Treviño y Cristóbal Villalobos (2020), “Civic Knowledge and Open Classroom Discussion: Explaining Tolerance of Corruption among 8th-grade Students in Latin America”, Educational Psychology, 40(2), pp. 186-206.
Casas-Zamora, Kevin y Miguel Carter (2017), “Beyond the Scandals: The Changing Context of Corruption in Latin America”, Rule of Law Report, Washington D.C., Inter-American Dialogue.
Coronado, Gabriela (2008), “Discourses of Anti-corruption in Mexico: Culture of Corruption or Corruption of Culture?” Portal Journal of Mutlidisciplinary International Studies, 5(1), DOI: 10.5130/portal.v5i1.479.
Costa-Lopes, R., J.F. Dovidio, C.R. Pereira y J.T. Jost (2013), “Social Psychological Perspectives on the Legitimation of Social Inequality: Past, Present, Future”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(4), pp. 229-237.
Dincer, Oguzhan C. y Burak Gunlap (2012), “Corruption and Income Inequality in the United States”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 30(2), pp. 282-292.
Dunlap Jr., Charles J. (2007), “Lawfare Amid Warfare”, The Washington Times, 3 de agosto.
Foa, Roberto Stefan y Yascha Mounk (2016), “The Democratic Disconnect”, Journal of Democracy, 27(3), pp. 5-17.
Fried, Brian J., Paul Lagunes y Atheendar Venkataramani (2010), “Corruption and Inequality at the Crossroad: A Multimethod Study”, Latin American Research Review, 45(1), pp. 76-97.
Fukuyama, Francis (2015), “Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly?” Journal of Democracy, 26(1), pp.11-20.
FATF (Financial Action Task Force) y gafilat (Grupo de Acción Financiera de Latinoamérica) (2018), Medidas antilavado y contra la financiación del terrorismo-México, informe de evaluación mutua, enero, París, FATF, disponible en: www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/mutualevaluations/documents/mer-mexico-2018.html [fecha de consulta: 14 de junio de 2020].
García Compean, R. (2014), “An Assessment of Income Inequality and Administrative Corruption in Less Developed Countries: The Case of Mexico”, tesis de maestría, El Paso, University of Texas.
Gilens, Martin (2012), Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Gilens, Martin y Benjamin I. Page (2014), “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens”, Perspectives in Politics, 12(3), pp. 564-581.
Gleaser, E., J. Scheinkman y A. Shleifer (2003), “The Injustice and Inequality”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), pp. 199-222.
Gurney, Kyra, Anjali Tsui, David Iaconangelo y Selina Cheng (2016), “Suspected of Corruption at Home, Powerful Foreigners Find Refuge in the U.S.” Pro-Publica, 9 de diciembre.
Heidenheimer, Arnold J. y Michael Johnston (eds.) (2002), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, 3a ed., New Jersey: Transaction.
Hernández, Gerardo Esquivel (2015), “Extreme Inequality in Mexico: Concentration of Economic and Political Power”, Ciudad de México, Oxfam.
Houle, Christian (2009), “Inequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization”, World Politics, 61(4), pp. 589-622.
Husted, Bryan W. (1999), “Wealth, Culture, and Corruption”, Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), pp. 339-360.
Jain, Arvind K. (2001), “Corruption: A Review”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), pp. 71-120.
Johnston, Michael (2005), Syndromes of Corruption, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Johnston, Michael (2019), “Limits and Ironies of Transparency: Controlling Corruption in American Elections”, Election Law Journal, 18(3), pp. 282-296.
Johnston, Michael y Scott A. Fritzen (2021), The Conundrum of Corruption, Londres y Nueva York, Routledge Corruption and Anti-Corruption Studies.
Kaufmann, Daniel E. y Pedro C. Vicente (2011), “Legal Corruption”, Economics and Politics, 23(2), pp. 195-219.
Keltner, Dacher (2012), “Class and Compassion: Socioeconomic Factors Predict Responses to Suffering”, Emotion, 12, pp. 449-459.
Keltner, Dacher (2016), The Power Paradox: How to Gain and Lose Influence, Nueva York, Penguin.
Keltner, Dacher y J. Lerner (2010), “Emotion”, en Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert y Garner Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 5a ed., Nueva York, McGraw-Hill.
Kipnis, David (1972), “Does Power Corrupt?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(1), pp. 33-41.
Kipnis, David (1976), The Powerholders, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Lessig, Lawrence (2013), “Institutional Corruption”, Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, 1, Harvard University, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, 15 de marzo.
Lührmann, Anna y Staffan I. Lindberg (2019), “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About It?” Democratization, 26(7), pp. 1095-1113.
Morris, Stephen D. (2018), “Variations on a Theme: Corruption in Mexico and the U. S.” Canadian Social Science Journal, 14(12), pp. 13-25.
Morris, Stephen D. y Joseph L. Klesner (2010), “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Mexico”, Comparative Politics Studies, 43(10), pp. 1258-1285.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina (2006), “Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment”, Journal of Democracy, 17(3), pp. 86-99.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina (2013), “Becoming Denmark: Historical Paths to Control of Corruption”, Social Research, 80(4), pp. 1259-1286.
North, Douglass C. 1993. “Institutions and Credible Commitment”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 147(1), pp. 11-21.
Nye, Joseph S. (1967), “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis”, American Political Science Review, 61(2), pp. 417-427.
Oxfam (2014), “Working for the Few: Political Capture and Economic Inequality”, Oxfam Briefing Paper 178, 20 de enero.
Oxfam (2018), Democracias capturadas: El gobierno de unos pocos. Mecanismos de captura de la política fiscal por parte de las elites y su impacto en la desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe (1990-2017), Oxfam Internacional.
Pelizzo, Riccardo y Frederick Stapenhurst (2014), Corruption and Legislatures, Londres y Nueva York, Routledge.
Przeworski, Adam (2010), Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
Razafindrakoto, Mireille y Francois Roubaud (2010), “Are International Databases on Corruption Reliable? A Comparison of Expert Opinion Surveys and Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa”, World Development, 38(8), pp. 1057-1069.
Redlawsk, David P. y James A. McCann (2005), “Popular Interpretations of ‘Corruption’ and their Partisan Consequences”, Political Behavior, 2(3), pp. 261-283.
Rind, Bruce y David Kipnis (1999), “Changes in Self-perceptions as a Result of Successfully Persuading Others”, Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), pp. 141-156.
Rothstein, Bo (2011), The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in International Perspective, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Rusciano, Frank Louis (2014), “The Meaning of Corruption in World Opinion”, en Mendilow, Jonathan y Ilan Peleg (comps.), Corruption in the Contemporary World: Theory, Practice, and Hotspots, Lanham, Lexington, pp. 27-45.
Sampson, Steven (2010), “The Anti-corruption Industry: From Movement to Institution”, Global Crime, 11(2), pp. 261-278.
Sandoval-Ballesteros, Irma E. (2013), “From ‘Institutional’ to ‘Structural’ Corruption: Rethinking Accountability in a World of Public-Private Partnerships”, Edmond J. Safra Working Paper 33, Harvard University.
Schectman, Joel y Brett Wolf (2016), “US Failing to Curb Money Laundering by Shell Companies: Task Force Report”, Reuters (online), 1 de diciembre, disponible en: www.mobile.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSKBN13Q4R1 [fecha de consulta: 14 de junio de 2020].
Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Nueva York, Harper.
Swamy, Anand, Stephen Knack, Young Lee y Omar Azfar (2001), “Gender and Corruption”, Journal of Development Economics, 64, pp. 25-55.
Teachout, Zephyr (2014), Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box to Citizens United, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Thompson, Dennis F. (2018), “Theories of Institutional Corruption”, Annual Review of Political Science, 21, pp. 495-513.
Transparencia Internacional (s.f.), “What is Corruption? We Define Corruption as the Abuse of Entrusted Power for Private Gain”, disponible en: https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption [fecha de consulta: 14 de junio de 2020].
Uslaner, Eric M. (2008), Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
Uslaner, Eric M. y Bo Rothstein (2016), “The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education”, Comparative Politics, 48(2), pp. 227-248.
Vázquez Valencia, Luis Daniel (2019), Captura del Estado, macrocriminalidad y derechos humanos, Ciudad de México, Flacso-Mexico/Fundación Böll-México y el Caribe/ UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas.
Vice News (2018), “The Bailouts for the Rich Are Why America Is so Screwed Right Now”,13 de septiembre, disponible en: www.topbuzz.com/a/6600783399068107269 [fecha de consulta: 14 de junio de 2020].
Villanueva, Joaquin (2019), “Corruption Narratives and Colonial Technologies in Puerto Rico”, nacla Report on the Americas, 51(2), pp. 188-193.
Warren, Mark (2004), “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” American Journal of Political Science, 48(2), pp. 328-343.
Warren, Mark (2006), “Political Corruption as Duplicitous Exclusion”, PS: Political Science and Politics, 39(4), pp. 803-807.
Wang, Long y J. Keith Murnigham (2014), “Money, Emotions, and Ethics across Individual and Countries”, Journal of Business Ethics, 125, pp. 163-176.
You, Jong-sun y Sanjeev Khagram (2005), “A Comparative Study of Inequality and Corruption”, American Sociological Review, 70(1), pp. 136-157.
Yu, Frank y Xiaoyun Yu (2011), “Corporate Lobbying and Fraud Detection”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 46(6), pp. 1865-1891.
Zakaria, Patty (2018), “Religiosity and Corruption”, en I. Kubbe y A. Engelbert (eds.), Corruption and norms: Why Informal Rules Matter, Londres, Springer International Publishing, pp. 69-90.
Zepeda Lecuona, Guillermo Raúl (2017), “El sistema jurídico frente a la desigualdad: Impunidad cero”, Este País, julio, pp. 21-30.
Downloads
Published
-
Abstract352
-
PDF (Español)126
-
XML (Español)0
